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Antiquark flavor asymmetry in the "proton sea" as predicted by the Brightsen NCM. According to quantum chromodynamic theory, the proton [P] and neutron [N] are composed of quarks and gluons, as are their antimatter mirrors. Nucleons are composed of three valence u-up and d-down quarks held together by the strong force which is mediated by gluons. Thus, let ^ = antimatter quark, then [P] = (uud), anti[P] = (u^u^d^), [N] = (ddu), anti[N] = (d^d^u^).
However, in addition to the three valence quarks, it is known that the proton [P] contains a "sea" of quark-antiquark meson pairs (q q^), such as the pions (u^d), (d^u), (u^u)+(dd^). But what is the source of these (q q^) pairs in the sea ? One hypothesis is that a gluon can "pair produce" (q q^) as virtual particles in the zero-point vacuum, which will then quickly annihilate each other to form more gluons. As discussed below, the Brightsen NCM offers a different perspective.
Experiments at Fermilab (E866) have dedected a (q q^) asymmetry in the proton sea, that is, more anti-down quarks (d^) were observed experimentally to be present than anti-up quarks (u^).
MEASUREMENT OF THE LIGHT ANTIQUARK FLAVOR ASYMMETRY IN THE NUCLEON SEA
Fermilab E866/NuSea Collaboration (For a complete list of authors, see published paper.)
A precise measurement of the ratio of Drell-Yan yields from an 800 GeV/c proton beam incident on hydrogen and deuterium targets is reported. Over 140,000 Drell-Yan muon pairs with dimuon mass M¹+¹¡ ¸ 4:5 GeV/c2 were recorded. From these data, the ratio of antidown (d) to antiup (u) quark distributions in the proton sea is determined over a wide range in Bjorken x . A strong x dependence is observed in the ratio d=u, showing substantial enhancement of (d) with respect to (u) for x < 0:2. This result is in fair agreement with recent parton distribution parametrizations of the sea. For x > 0:2, the observed d=u ratio is much nearer unity than given by the parametrizations. Abstract of published paper: Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3715 (1998).
This experimental result is predicted by the Brightsen NCM formalism. How ?
According to the Brightsen Model, the proton [P] is NOT an independent particle, but has an internal nucleon (and quark) cluster structure composed of matter and antimatter clusters (positive mass vs negative mass) interacting via a gravity-antigravity force. As published by Mr. Brightsen and W. Nelson (see Publications) a number of different nucleon cluster "isodyne" combinations can form the proton [P] as shown below, with the limits of the isodyne sequence unknown at this time. The 1-H-1 wavefunction is thus a sum over possibilities of all different partial isodyne wavefunctions.
Brightsen Model Nucleon Cluster Structures for 1-H-1 (the proton)
(primary clusters) (secondary halo clusters)
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NP NPN PNP NN PP NNN PPP Isodyne Type
...(etc.)... M (o - ?)
Matter 8 -3 -2 0 0 0 0 M (n)
(+) 5 -2 -1 0 0 0 0 M (m)
-4 1 2 0 0 0 0 M (l)
2 -1 0 0 0 0 0 M (k)
-1 0 1 0 0 0 0 M (j)
0 1 0 -1 0 0 0 M (i)
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Each of the above nucleon clusters can be reformulated into quark clusters. Let 1[NP] = ( 3d3u); 1[N^P^] = (3d^3u^); 1[NPN] = (5d4u); 1[N^P^N^] = (5d^4u^); 1[PNP] = (4d5u); 1[P^N^P^] = (4d^5u^); 1[NN]halo = (4d2u); 1[N^N^]halo = (4d^2u^).
Interactions between asymmetric matter and antimatter "bags of quarks" are predicted to result in a complex quantum superposition (e.g., z = a + b x i ; from complex number theory) such that the observed proton [P] represents the "real" superposed state (a), with the remaining quarks forming the "imaginary" superposed state (b x i). Thus the above isodyne diagram can be reformulated into u-up and d-down quarks (matter and antimatter) as shown below:
Quark structure of 1-H-1 (proton) showing anti-up and anti-down flavor asymmetry within the proton sea as predicted by the Brightsen NCM
Real state (valence structure) + Imaginary state (sea) = Isodyne Type (u^)/(d^) ratio
# of (u) (d) (d^) (u^)
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(uud) + 22 23 23 22 M (n) 0.95652
(uud) + 13 14 14 13 M (m) 0.92857
(uud) + 12 12 12 12 M (l) 1.0
(uud) + 4 5 5 4 M (k) 0.80000
(uud) + 3 3 3 3 M (j) 1.0
(uud) + 2 4 4 2 M (i) 0.50000
--------------------------------
Sum of quarks within sea: 61 56 0.91803
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As shown above, the Brightsen Model uniquely predicts the results of the Fermilab (E886) experiment of anntiquark asymmetry within the proton sea, that is, more (d^) quarks are predicted by the Brightsen Model than (u^) quarks, with (u^) / (d^) isodyne ratios ranging from 1.0 to 0.5. The ratio observed in any single experiment depends on how much energy is used to "collapse the wavefunction" of the imaginary part of the complex quantum superposition formed by interaction between asymmetric matter and antimatter clusters. Note, that contrary to the hypothesis that the (q q^) meson pairs experimentally observed are due to gluon "pair production", the Brightsen Model predicts that the (q q^) pairs form part of the strong force gravity-antigravity meson interaction that maintains a macroscopic [NP][N^P^] nucleon cluster structure within the proton sea. As discussed in numerous publications by Mr. Brightsen, it is the ever present antimatter [N^P^] bag of quarks within the proton sea that allows for low energy fusion of 1-H-1 with heavy isotopes for energy production. Comments are Welcome.
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