The Close-Packed Sphern Model of Linus Pauling (see internal link, May 15, What's New for 2005) predicts that stable isotopes must have either 2- nucleon and/or 3-nucleon spherons (or Brightsen clusters) rotating against each other to maintain their stability. In his 1996 publication on the Nucleon Cluster Model, Mr. Brightsen presents the isodyne structure for stable but rare18-Argon-38 (N=20). In the diagram below, the number of isodynes has been expanded to 13, centered on [NP+NPN=10; PNP=4] as shown on the Brightsen (1996) Atomic and Nuclear Periodic Table of Elements and Isotopes (see publications link). Connecting the sequence of red numbers (and blue numbers) results in double symmetric wave functions across the isotope superposition (with ∆ of 1-3 or 3-1 for both red and blue sequence) connecting the [PNP] and [NPN] clusters. This type of rotation of 3-nucleon clusters against each other in a stable isotope conforms to the prediction of the Pauling Close-Packed Spheron Model. It is important to note that the limits of the isodyne sequence for any isotope is unknown at this time, an area open to theoretical and experimental investigation Comments are Welcome.
Isodyne* Quantum Superposition for beta-stable 18-Argon-38 (N=20) as predicted by Brightsen NCM
(minus [-] sign represents antimatter clusters)
# of PNP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
# of NPN 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
# of NP -14 -11 -8 -5 -2 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
* Note: The term "isodyne", first published by Robert Bass (see publications), has also been referred to as "nuclear cluster isomers" by nuclear physicist Agim Ibishi (see this link). As stated by Dr. Ibishi, "nuclear cluster isomers" represent the internal cluster wavefunctions of different nuclear cluster "models" that can be written for the same isotope. In the above example, 13 separate isodyne nuclear cluster isomers (aka: isodynes) are shown for the stable but rare isotope 18-Argon-38 with (N=20). The Brightsen Model thus predicts that the "nucleon quantum reality" of 18-Argon-38 (as well as all isotopes) is represented by a quantum superposition that represents the SUM of all possible nuclear cluster isomers (isodynes)--(Sum over Possibilities view of quantum reality). Experimental observation thus collaspes the 18-Atgon-38 isotope wavefunction to reveal a single isodyne structure at any momemt in time. This revolutionary hypothesis of nuclear cluster structure differs drastically from the current Quark Standard Model which holds that the [N] and [P] are "independent" entities with interacting up-down quarks limited to the boundary of independent nucleons, a view categorically rejected by the Brightsen NCM. According to the Brightsen Model, quarks interactions can only occur between 2- and 3- nucleon cluster entities with gravity and antigravity strong forces present when asymmetrical matter and antimatter nucleon clusters are invloved.
