Posted June 30, 2005

Brightsen Model predictions concerning "internal quark structure of the proton sea" for 1-H-1 isotope

At the following web site (see link) is the following diagram and text on the internal quark structure of the proton, 1-H-1 isotope.

Figure 2.1. Schematic illustration of the substructure of a proton or neutron (left) and of a meson (right), according to the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Among the constituents confined within the nucleon are three point-like valence quarks, shown here as heavy colored dots, which interact by exchanging gluons shown as spring-like lines. Instead of three quarks, the meson has one quark and one antiquark (dot with white center) as valence constituents. The strong interactions induce additional gluons and a "sea" of virtual quark-antiquark pairs, shown as smaller, fainter dots. Quarks are labeled "q" and antiquarks "¯q". The colors of the constituents represent their intrinsic strong charges, the source of their participation in QCD interactions. Note that quarks appear only in groups of three (with different colors) or in quark-antiquark pairs. The nature of the strong interactions inside a nucleon and the relative contributions of various types of valence and sea quarks, as well as gluons, to the nucleon's overall properties have become major topics of research in nuclear physics.

The strength of the QCD confining interactions leads to the picture of a nucleon, illustrated in Figure 2.1, as a seething ensemble of a large and ever-changing number of constituents. A major aim of nuclear experiments through the next decade is to take detailed "snapshots" of this structure at various levels of resolution..........

What does the Brightsen Model predict about the structure of the "sea of quarks" as shown above ? First, the Brightsen Model does not recognize the proton and neutron as free (unbound) within nuclei, but instead views the volume of the proton (or neutron) to be a union of various combinations of matter and antimatter nucleon clusters. Thus, one possible isodyne cluster structure for the form of proton called 1-H-1 is as follows:

Webmaster update: July 8, 2005. The above matter-antimatter interaction can be described using complex number theory and quantum superposition. Thus, let z = the stable quantum dynamic "superposition" state of the interaction of the matter [PNP] and antimatter [N^P^] clusters. From complex number theory, z = a (real) + b(imaginary) * sq rt -1 (i). Therefore the (uud) quark structure would represent the mass of the (real) quantum state, with [(ddu)(uud)] + [(d^d^u^)(u^u^d^)] as the (imaginary) mass. This "superposition of states" is a fundamental concept of quantum mechanics in which two independent states can be combined or superposed, such that the sysytem as a whole is effectively in both quantum states at the same time. When the system is "observed" it resolves into either the (real) or (imaginary) depending on the type of observation. Thus, under low energy conditions, the Brightsen Model predicts that the (uud) baryon is observed (e.g., the proton), but when subjected to high energy particles the (imaginary) state of the superposition is observed as pairs of interacting mesons (ud^), (d^u), (uu^), (dd^). This process represents the collapse of the proton wavefunction.

One will note that the Brightsen Model predicts that the proton structure for 1-H-1 has a very complex "proton sea" of matter and antimatter up and down quarks. According to Mr. Brightsen, this "proton sea" has "structure" such that the identity of the hidden matter and antimatter clusters (shown in purple) is maintained via a proposed strong force interaction that involves gravity (working with matter cluster) and antigravity (working with antimatter cluster). The Brightsen hypothesis that 1-H-1 has internal [N^P^] superposed quantum structure function is what allows for low energy interactions of hydrogen with palladium to produce radionuclides (see Publications link, Davis and Brightsen, 1995).

The experimental observation that protons can bind with antiprotons (for a very short period of time) to form "protonium" (see this link) leads to a prediction that neutrons may also bind to antineutrons. This dual dynamic (that is, P binds to P^ while at the same time N binds to N^, where ^ = antimatter) may allow for the "proton sea" to maintain realistic but hidden quark structure dynamic. If the above predictions of the Brightsen Model concerning the internal quark structure of the proton are shown to conform with experimental data, then a new physics of the atomic nucleus involving gravity (matter)-antigravity (amtimatter) interactions must result.