New: June 5, 2005. The matter and antimatter cluster structure for a select number of nuclides has been published by Mr. Brightsen and Willard Nelson (see publications). Following the graphic approach of Nelson, the cluster structures for 1-H-1 and 2-He-4 are shown below, with secondary "halo" clusters added by the webmaster.
Note that each nuclide is predicted by the Brightsen Model to have many different "isodyne" structures, with both matter [(e.g., M (i) to M (?)] and antimatter [(e.g., A (i) to A (?)] identity, depending on the types and number of clusters present (note: Mr. Brightsen has indicated in his publications that the limit of isodyne types for each nuclide is unknown at this time, see publications). Each isodyne would be predicted to have its own "wavefunction", and it is implied by Mr. Brightsen in his publications that each of these isodyne wavefunctions can have realistic identity such that they can intermingle with isodynes of other nuclides (for example, in his 1995 publication in Infinite Energy, Vol 1(3), Mr. Brightsen shows how various isodynes of 1-H-1 can intermingle with 46-Pb-104 to form 45- Rh--101 + 2-He-4 (the alpha) daughter structure emitted. It is suggested here that the sum of individual cluster wavefunctions for any nuclide may represent the wavefunction for the "Resonating Group Structure" of the nuclide as a whole, as suggested by the RSG model of J.A. Wheeler (1937, Phys. Rev. 52, 1083, 1107). Similar Brightsen Model cluster diagrams to the ones presented below can be created for all known and predicted isotopes, both stable and unstable (submit Comments).
Webmaster update: June 5, 2005: The term "isodyne", first published by Robert Bass (see publications), has also been referred to as "nuclear cluster isomers" by Agim Ibishi (see this link). As stated by Ibishi, "nuclear cluster isomers" represent the internal cluster wavefunctions of different nuclear cluster "models" that can be written for the same isotope. For example, Ibishi reports that 90Y can be represented by two different nuclear cluster isomers (1) 87Rb core + [P-N-P], and (2) 87Sr core + [N-P-N].
Brightsen Model Nucleon Cluster Structures for 1-H-1 (the proton)
(note: numbers with minus sign (-) represent antimatter clusters)
(primary clusters) (secondary halo clusters)
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NP NPN PNP NN PP NNN PPP Isodyne Type
...(etc.)... M (p - ?)
11 -4 -3 0 0 0 0 M(o)
Matter 8 -3 -2 0 0 0 0 M (n)
(+) 5 -2 -1 0 0 0 0 M (m)
-4 1 2 0 0 0 0 M (l)
2 -1 0 0 0 0 0 M (k)
-1 0 1 0 0 0 0 M (j)
0 1 0 -1 0 0 0 M (i)
Mass-charge center at origin (Cs=0; matter isodynes above, antimatter below)
Anti-matter 0 -1 0 1 0 0 0 A (i)
(-) 1 0 -1 0 0 0 0 A (j)
-2 -1 0 0 0 0 0 A (k)
4 -1 -2 0 0 0 0 A (j)
-5 2 1 0 0 0 0 A (m)
-8 3 2 0 0 0 0 A (n)
-11 4 3 0 0 0 0 A(o)
... (etc.) A (p - ?)
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Webmaster update: June 9, 2005. Comments have been received (see June 7, 2005 posting) suggesting that the Brightsen Model does not conform to quark microscopic dynamics for matter-antimatter interactions. This is not true. For example, from the above table, one cluster isodyne for 1-H-1 is two matter [N-P] clusters bounded to one antimatter [N-P-N] cluster. Let ^ = symbol for an antimatter quark. Then the quark structure for the above 1-H-1 isodyne is:
{[(ddu) -(uud)] + [(ddu)-(uud)]} + [(d^d^u^) - (u^u^d^) - (d^d^u^)]
Cancel of matter-antimatter quark pairs yields: [ (uud) ], which is the Standard Model quark structure for 1-H-1. Thus it is clear that the Brightsen Model is in complete agreement with quark microscopic structure predictions.
Webmaster update: July 10, 2005. As discussed in the July 10, 2005 posting above, the experimentally observed [ (uud) ] quark structure can be viewed as a quantum superposition entity interacting via a gravity-antigravity strong force with a hidden quantum superposition of the remaining six quark structures, including three of pure antimatter. Mathematically, this relationship follows rules of complex number theory, that allows for a stable coexistence of "real" and "imaginary" quantum superposed states at the same time.
Webmaster update: June 5, 2005, updated June 9: In the following nucleon cluster structure representation for 2-He-4, one will note a unique prediction when halo structures are included, namely that "pion pairs" can be formed from interaction of Brightsen clusters. (submit Comments).
New: Posted June 19, 2005. Comments received from a nuclear physicist indicates that (uuu)+(d^d^d^), an excited type of 6-quark di-baryon cluster would not be able to bind because [Delta] structures decay too quickly. However, the answer provided did not consider the possibility of superfreezing to slow the decay reaction long enough to allow a weak binding between [Delta}++ and [Delta]-, which is a type of (uuu)+(d^d^d^) 6-quark structure. The search for bound 6-quark structures (e.g., di-baryrons) is now an active area of research.
New: posted June 6, 2005: The theoretical existence of a matter-antimatter [Delta+Delta] structure has been discussed by Dr. Florentin Smarandache, what he calls "unmatter", a new state of existence (see this Link to journal Progress in Physics). The abstract for Dr. Smarandache's paper follows:
April, 2005 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Volume 1
A New Form of Matter—Unmatter, Composed of Particles and Anti-Particles
Florentin Smarandache
Dept. of Mathematics, University of New Mexico, 200 College Road, Gallup, NM 87301, USA
E-mail: fsmarandache@yahoo.com; smarand@unm.edu
Besides matter and antimatter there must exist unmatter (as a new form of matter) in accordance with the neutrosophy theory that between an entity <A> and its opposite <AntiA> there exist intermediate entities <NeutA>. Unmatter is neither matter nor antimatter, but something in between. An atom of unmatter is formed either by (1): electrons, protons, and antineutrons, or by (2): antielectrons, antiprotons, and neutrons. At CERN it will be possible to test the production of unmatter. The existence of unmatter in the universe has a similar chance to that of the antimatter, and its production also difficult for present technologies.
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Brightsen Model Nucleon Cluster Structures for 2-He-4 (the alpha)
(note: numbers with minus sign (-) represent antimatter clusters)
(primary clusters) (secondary halo clusters)
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NP NPN PNP NN PP NNN PPP Isodyne Type
...(etc.)... M (q - ?)
Matter 8 -2 -2 0 0 0 0 M (p)
(+) 5 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 M (o)
-4 2 2 0 0 0 0 M (n)
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 M (m)
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 M (l)
-1 1 1 0 0 0 0 M (k)
0 2 0 -1 0 0 0 M (j)
0 0 2 0 -1 0 0 M (i)
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Unmatter 0 0 1 0 0 -1 0 (uu)+(d^d^)=neutron pion
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Anti-matter 0 0 -2 0 1 0 0 M (i)
(-) 0 -2 0 1 0 0 0 M (j)
1 -1 -1 0 0 0 0 M (k)
0 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 M (l)
-2 0 0 0 0 0 0 M (m)
4 -2 -2 0 0 0 0 M (n)
-5 1 1 0 0 0 0 M (o)
-8 2 2 0 0 0 0 M (p)
